Which of the following are surgical options for treating severe back pain?

Surgical options for treating severe back pain primarily involve procedures that directly address structural issues in the spine. Spinal fusion and laminectomy are both surgical interventions used in cases where conservative measures, such as medication and physical therapy, have failed to provide adequate relief.

Spinal fusion is a procedure that involves joining two or more vertebrae together to eliminate movement between them. This can reduce pain caused by conditions like degenerative disc disease or spondylolisthesis. By fusing the bones, the surgery aims to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain that arises from instability or nerve compression.

Laminectomy, on the other hand, involves the removal of a portion of the vertebra called the lamina. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as spinal stenosis or herniated discs. By creating more space within the spinal canal, laminectomy can alleviate pain and improve function for individuals suffering from severe symptoms.

In contrast, the other options provided in the question encompass non-surgical treatment modalities. Physical therapy, medication, chiropractic adjustments, acupuncture, massage therapy, and cold therapy focus on relieving pain and improving function through conservative, non-invasive means, which may be effective for many patients but